Extracting cross axis rectification coefficients requires dual tone orthogonal excitation to isolate second order asymmetric stiffness shifts from true tilt.
Vibration rectification in silicon MEMS accelerometers converts out-of-band mechanical excitation into direct current bias shifts through non-linear flexure stiffness, capacitive gap dynamics, and signal-chain clipping.
Wafer-level residual stress gradients induce asymmetric die warpage that relaxes over time, causing dynamic calibration matrices to suffer severe cross-axis drift.
Static gravity reference determination requires site gravimetric surveying and arcsecond stage indexing to isolate true sensor bias from facility tilt errors.
Closed loop inertial sensor Allan variance noise parameters require isolating active rebalance filter artifacts before populating discrete Kalman filter process noise matrices.
Thermal hysteresis and package strain corrupt accelerometer zero offset; accurate baseline determinations require thermal soak isolation and vibration rejection.
Stationary leveling extracts pitch and roll by isolating the 1g local gravity vector, bounded by accelerometer bias stability and vibration rectification error.
Stationary alignment extracts gravity and Earth rate vectors to initialize pitch, roll, and true north azimuth prior to unguided motion tracking.
Ground alignment error bounds depend on accelerometer turn-on bias for leveling and East gyro bias stability divided by cosine latitude for heading accuracy.
Inertial dead reckoning holds only while gyroscope bias instability bounds cubic tilt divergence within allowable spatial position tolerance thresholds.
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