Communication Protocol
Serial data transmission standards for industrial automation use a master-slave architecture to exchange register data between devices. In a modbus rtu network, a single master device initiates requests to multiple slave devices using binary encoding for efficient transmission. This protocol is widely supported by programmable logic controllers, sensors, and actuators due to its simplicity and open standard.
The addressing scheme allows up to two hundred and forty-seven slave devices to be connected to a single network segment.
Frame Structure
Messages are transmitted as uninterrupted streams of bytes where each character contains a start bit, eight data bits, an optional parity bit, and a stop bit. In the modbus rtu format, the end of a frame is determined by a silent interval of at least three point five character times. This silent period allows the receiving devices to recognize the boundary between separate messages.
Error Detection
Data corruption during transmission is detected by calculating a mathematical checksum at the end of each message. The modbus rtu protocol uses a sixteen-bit cyclic redundancy check to verify that the received data matches the transmitted packet. If the calculated checksum does not match, the receiving device discards the message to prevent execution of corrupt commands.
Physical Layer
The protocol is most commonly deployed over RS485 or RS232 physical interfaces. These physical standards define the voltage levels and cable characteristics required to support reliable communication over long distances in noisy industrial plants.